Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine – Open Journal
type: channel
description: Editor- In-Chief: Pradeep Garg, PhD Title proper: Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine – Open Journal Subject: Cancer Studies Publisher: Openventio Publishers Dates of publication: 2014 Frequency & Medium: Half-yearly , Online Language: English Country: India Indexed by: CROSSREF , ROAD , THE KEEPERS Title DOI of the Journal: http://doi.org/10.17140/issn.2377-1518
publisher: Openventio Publishers
language: en
publication name: Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine – Open Journal
issn: 2377-1518
items: From Elegance to Complexity: The Intricate Dance of Myometrial Stem Cells Transforming into Leiomyoma Stem Cells: Unraveling the Symphony of Genetic and Epigenetic Refinement
items: Complete Remission of Multiple Pulmonary Metastases of Endometrial Adenocarcinoma Treated with a Mixture of Low Molecular Weight Fucoidan and Canvaria gladiata Extract: A Case Report
items: Precision Drugs are Needed for Precision Medicine to Work
items: National Consensus for Screening, Diagnosis and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Panama, 2022
items: Cancer Disease-Oriented-Drug Development Examples
items: Anastasis: Cell Survival Mechanism
items: Cancer Dynamics
items: Pathology Hiding in Plain Sight: The NF1 Plasma Membrane
items: The Phenotype Landscape of Cancer in the Genotype Era
items: Oligo-Metastatic Carcinoma Cervix: A Few Do Extremely Well
items: Anticancer Natural Products: A Review
items: Deep-Ultraviolet Raman Spectroscopy for Cancer Diagnostics: A Feasibility Study with Cell Lines and Tissues
items: Engaging African Americans in Breast Cancer Prevention Strategies: A Partnership Between a Community Cancer Center and the African American Community in Delaware
items: The Emerging Spectrum of Early Life Exposure-Related Inflammation and Epigenetic Therapy
items: A Case of Choroidal Metastasis from Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma
items: Bilateral Symmetric Thalamic Metastasis in a Patient with Small Cell Lung Cancer
items: A Rare Case of a Urachal Mucinous Cystic Tumour of Low Malignant Potential
items: Dosimetric Characterization of an Abscopal Response in a Patient With Oligometastatic Melanoma Undergoing Concurrent Treatment With Pembrolizumab and Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT)
items: The Emerging Role of p27 in Development of Diseases
items: Classifying Lung Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma using RNA-Seq Data
items: How Target Therapy can Induce Cardiotoxicity: The Onco-Cardiologist Point of View
items: Is it Time to Start Using Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number as an Indicator of Health and Diseases?
items: Neurofibromatosis Type I and Multiple Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: A Unique Identity
items: Dysadherin: A Novel Oncogenic Molecular Biomarker in Oesophageal Cancer
items: Rounding Down Chemotherapeutic Agents to the Nearest Vial Size as a Cost Containment Measure
items: Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: Innovation from Diagnosis to Treatment Based on 15 Years of Experience of a Peripheral Hospital in Portugal
items: Current Status of Anti Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Therapy in the Curative Treatment of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
items: Potential of Molecular Imaging to Advance Molecular Medicine
items: Prostate Cancer Trends in Developing Countries
items: The Proportion of ALDEFLUOR-Positive Cancer Stem Cells Changes with Cell Culture Density Due to the Expression of Different ALDH Isoforms

From Elegance to Complexity: The Intricate Dance of Myometrial Stem Cells Transforming into Leiomyoma Stem Cells: Unraveling the Symphony of Genetic and Epigenetic Refinement
type: item
description: Uterine leiomyomas (LM), commonly referred to as uterine fibroids (UFs), pelvic tumor in women of reproductive age globally and are main indicators of hysterectomies if become symptomatic. The progression of uterine LM involves a complex interplay of hormones, stem cells, growth factors, and genetic/epigenetic irregularities. Both endometrial and myometrial stem/progenitor cells play pivotal roles in the uterus’ response to hormonal stimuli and return to its basal state. LM, arising from a single stem cell of smooth muscle cells with acquired mutations, exhibit diverse cellular transcriptomic patterns influenced by genotype. Affecting over 70% of women at some point in their lives, with significant clinical symptoms, such as pelvic pain, infertility, and heavy uterine bleeding. Recent literature underscores the potential importance of LM stem cells and their paracrine interactions with specialized cells, connecting the gap between medications targeting leiomyoma expansion and potential eradication strategies. Keeping these points in view, this review discusses the current understanding of the involvement of myometrial stem/progenitor cells and the genetic and epigenetic changes occurring in these cells during the pathogenesis of uterine LM.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Genetic
  topic: keywords
subject: Epigenetic
  topic: keywords
subject: Leiomyomas
  topic: keywords
subject: Stem cell
  topic: keywords
creator: Somayeh Vafaei
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 10
ending page: 18

Complete Remission of Multiple Pulmonary Metastases of Endometrial Adenocarcinoma Treated with a Mixture of Low Molecular Weight Fucoidan and Canvaria gladiata Extract: A Case Report
type: item
description: Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common malignant tumor in post-menopausal women, and the lung is one of the organs to which endometrial adenocarcinoma metastasizes. Chemotherapy is helpful for various malignancies, but not all are successful. A 71-year-old-Japanese-woman was diagnosed with metastatic lung cancer stage IV of primary endometrial adenocarcinoma. She received chemotherapy and hormone therapy after a total hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Subsequently, she visited this clinic for a second opinion as the metastatic lung cancer had repeated remissions and recurrences. Here, the authors report a case in which complete remission of metastatic lung cancer was achieved by using a product containing low molecular weight fucoidan extract (LMF) and Canavalia gladiata extract (CG) (LMF-CG) in combination with Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) hormone therapy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Endometrioid adenocarcinoma
  topic: keywords
subject: Pulmonary metastasis
  topic: keywords
subject: Docetaxel+Carboplatin (DC) therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: Hormone therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: Low molecular weight fucoidan extract (LMF)
  topic: keywords
subject: Canavalia gladiata extract (CG)
  topic: keywords
creator: Isamu Tengan
creator: Hidenori Takahashi
creator: Shaw Watanabe
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-11-07
publication date: 2023-11-07
starting page: 4
ending page: 9

Precision Drugs are Needed for Precision Medicine to Work
type: item
description: target the right treatments for the right patients at the right time. However, it needs precision drugs with molecular structures that interact with precisely defined disease targets to do so.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Precision medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Precision drugs
  topic: keywords
subject: Molecular targets
  topic: keywords
creator: Karel Petrak
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-02-06
publication date: 2023-02-06
starting page: 1
ending page: 3

National Consensus for Screening, Diagnosis and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Panama, 2022
type: item
description: Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is considered the main primary neoplasm of the liver and its incidence is expected to increase in the next years. HCC is frequently associated with chronic liver disease secondary to hepatitis B or C infections, as well to alcohol abuse, fatty liver and metabolic syndrome. Multidisciplinary and individualized management has been shown to improve clinical outcome; nevertheless, in Panama and others Latin-American countries, there is no clear consensus for the management of this disease. Methodology Using Appraisal of Guidelines for REsearch and Evaluation II (AGREE II) methodology and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) criteria, we developed a multidisciplinary consensus for the management of hepatocarcinoma patients in Panama. Results This document synthesizes the current evidence on risk factors in conjunction with recommendations on the management of early, advanced and terminal disease. All healthcare personnel involved in the approach and treatment of hepatocarcinoma in Panama can find utility and applicability in their daily practice. Conclusion Here, we present the first National Consensus for the Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Panama.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hepatocellular carcinoma
  topic: keywords
subject: Guidelines
  topic: keywords
subject: Consensus
  topic: keywords
subject: Panama
  topic: keywords
creator: Moises Cukier
creator: José M. Cabada- Lee
creator: Jorge D. Méndez- Ríos
creator: Rafaél Arauz
creator: Erik Arauz
creator: Norberto Carreño
creator: Ivette Clavel
creator: Jan A. Cubilla- Rodríguez
creator: Dafnia De Gracia
creator: Iván Díaz
creator: Olivia El Achtar
creator: Kenia Franco
creator: Julissa Lobardo- Quezada
creator: Yong Loo
creator: Melisa I. Menéndez
creator: Gaspar Pérez- Jiménez
creator: José Pinto- Llerena
creator: Lizka Richards- Cantoral
creator: Mauricio Rodríguez- Bravo
creator: Maylin Ruiz
creator: Karen E. Suñé
creator: Ignacio Veliz
creator: Ruth Vergara- Vásquez
rights: Copyright (c) 2022
date: 2022-11-24
publication date: 2022-11-24
starting page: 3
ending page: 14

Cancer Disease-Oriented-Drug Development Examples
type: item
description: The history of cancer medical treatments goes up to 1908 with the use of arsenic in this disease. An intermediate milestone was the discovery, in 1943, of an amazing tumor response using nitrogen mustard in a patient with a radio-resistant lymphoma. Chemotherapy really born with this achievement, and a plethora of antitumor agent’s came to age after 1948 till nowadays. Here, some examples of recent disease-oriented drug development approaches are presented and analyzed, as well as present limitations and challenges raised by each one.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Neoplasms
  topic: keywords
subject: Chemotherapy
  topic: keywords
subject: Antitumor agents
  topic: keywords
subject: Drug development
  topic: keywords
creator: Daniel Gandia
creator: Cecilia Suarez
rights: Copyright (c) 2022
date: 2022-10-18
publication date: 2022-10-18
starting page: 1
ending page: 2

Anastasis: Cell Survival Mechanism
type: item
description: Equilibrium between cell survival and death is important for normal cell homeostasis and development and also for inhibiting pathologies particularly cancer. Anastasis is a natural cell recovery phenomenon that rescues cells from the brink of death or a mechanism by which cells recuperate from apoptotic lesions and return to its normal active and functioning state. Programmed cell death (apoptosis) was known to be an intrinsically irreversible cascade that commits cells to a rapid destruction. However, recent studies have demonstrated the possibility of recovering dying cells even at the late stages. Anastasis uses the usual pro-metastatic and pro-survival factors to inhibit apoptotic progression. Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) activation and its related modulators is not only linked with cellular metastasis and survivability but also widely associated with the stemness of cancer cells.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Anastasis
  topic: keywords
subject: Programmed cell death
  topic: keywords
subject: Cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Pro-metastatic factor
  topic: keywords
subject: Pro-survival factor
  topic: keywords
subject: Genetic instability
  topic: keywords
subject: Cell cycle arrest
  topic: keywords
creator: Abolaji S. Olagunju
creator: Folashade G. Olorunfemi
creator: John O. Teibo
creator: Abiodun M. Adewolu
rights: Copyright (c) 2020
date: 2020-09-03
publication date: 2020-09-03
starting page: 5
ending page: 11

Cancer Dynamics
type: item
description: Even though cancer researchers nowadays are trying to develop many key cellular pathways susceptible to be tackled by therapeutic approaches, we are far from being able to consider some cancers as curable diseases in general terms. From a pharmacodynamic point of view, the main potential molecular targets involved are driver oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, growth factors and their receptors, transcription factors, tyrosine kinases, and cell adhesion molecules. If we consider possible targets at higher organization levels, we can intervene in aspects such as chromatin organization, tumor microenvironment, angiogenesis, apoptosis, senescence, mitochondria metabolism, and immune pathways.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: therapeutic
  topic: keywords
subject: adhesion molecules
  topic: keywords
subject: mitochondria metabolism,
  topic: keywords
creator: Daniel Gandia
creator: Cecilia Suárez
rights: Copyright (c) 2020
date: 2020-05-14
publication date: 2020-05-14
starting page: 1
ending page: 4

Pathology Hiding in Plain Sight: The NF1 Plasma Membrane
type: item
description: The passive voice and the active voice: for example, is it a matter of “at” or “to?” The NF1 gene product, neurofibromin (Nfn), in its interaction with the oncoprotein, Ras, does something to the cell’s plasma membrane (PM); the reactions in question do not merely happen at the cell’s PM. Moreover, what the Nfn does to the PM in NF1 cells has been seriously underestimated because of yet another perspective issue. The vast majority of publications on the membrane-bound interaction of Nfn and Ras have been from the perspective that, first and foremost – if not exclusively – the NF1 gene is considered a “tumor suppressor gene.” This is rather narrow, respecting the ancient origin and very highly conserved nature of the NF1 alphabetical code, and the intuitive understanding that the vast majority of eukaryotic species are not at risk for tumors or cancer.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: plasma membrane (PM)
  topic: keywords
subject: tumor suppressor gene
  topic: keywords
subject: alphabetical code
  topic: keywords
creator: Vincent M. Riccardi
rights: Copyright (c) 2020
date: 2020-03-03
publication date: 2020-03-03
starting page: e1
ending page: e3

The Phenotype Landscape of Cancer in the Genotype Era
type: item
description: Some tumor types such as testicular cancer, leukemia and lymphomas, have their origin in cells that comport a common embryonic origin. This phenomenon was “unconsciously” the roadmap to treat and cure them by classic chemotherapy. The cells are very chemosensitive indeed as they are “immature” in origin. Chemotherapy has also positively impacted the overall survival of some pediatric and adolescent cancers (leukemias, lymphomas, bone tumors) and in many other adult ones such as breast, ovarian, head and neck and colorectal cancers. Despite everything, we also face other difficult to treat cancers which remain chemo resistant (lung, melanomas, pancreatic, biliary tract cancers as the most representative ones.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: leukemia
  topic: keywords
subject: lymphomas
  topic: keywords
subject: immature
  topic: keywords
subject: melanomas
  topic: keywords
creator: Daniel Gandia
rights: Copyright (c) 2019
date: 2019-10-24
publication date: 2019-10-24
starting page: 26
ending page: 27

Oligo-Metastatic Carcinoma Cervix: A Few Do Extremely Well
type: item
description: The consequence of metastatic carcinoma cervix is regarded to be poor. We present three patients with carcinoma cervix who relapsed in the paraaortic nodes, lungs and vertebra. All of them had oligometastatic disease and were treated with chemotherapy to the lung lesion and radiotherapy to the bone lesion and paraaortic nodes. After more than 5-years they are disease free and on regular follow-up.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Carcinoma
  topic: keywords
subject: Cervix
  topic: keywords
subject: Oligometastasis
  topic: keywords
subject: Paraaortic lymph nodes
  topic: keywords
subject: Chemoradiation
  topic: keywords
subject: Chemotherapy
  topic: keywords
creator: Pallavi Nair
creator: Francis V. James
rights: Copyright (c) 2019
date: 2019-08-27
publication date: 2019-08-27
starting page: 23
ending page: 25

Anticancer Natural Products: A Review
type: item
description: Historically, natural products played a forceful role in human treatment ailments. Nowadays, natural products include a large part of current pharmaceutical agents, mostly in the field of cancer therapy. The main aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the most known natural product used as anticancer globally, including various other natural products. Many of these natural product appears to act through an anticancer mechanism. Overall, natural product research is a vigorous tool to discover novel biologically active components with unique mechanisms of action. Given the diversity of nature, it is sensible to indicate that chemical leads can be produced that are able to interact with most therapeutic targets. This review creates a solid foundation for further study these natural products with additional research and study.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Anticancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Natural product
  topic: keywords
subject: Plant compounds
  topic: keywords
subject: Marine flora
  topic: keywords
subject: Microorganisms
  topic: keywords
subject: Venom
  topic: keywords
creator: Ranwa A. Elrayess
creator: Heba N. Gad El- Hak
rights: Copyright (c) 2019
date: 2019-08-07
publication date: 2019-08-07
starting page: 11
ending page: 22

Deep-Ultraviolet Raman Spectroscopy for Cancer Diagnostics: A Feasibility Study with Cell Lines and Tissues
type: item
description: Background Deep-ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy (UVRS) offers significant advantages over visible and near-infrared Raman spectroscopy for biological applications, including cancer identification. Cancer is the second-leading cause of death in the United States. Early diagnostics plays a crucial role in providing the best chances for an afflicted individual to seek successful treatment opportunities. Current methods for diagnosing various forms of cancer are both expensive and invasive. As such, the objective of this study is to explore the feasibility of UVRS for discrimination of cancerous tissues and cancer cells from normal samples. The safety issues of using ultraviolet light for human applications are analyzed. Methods Cancerous brain tissues from nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD-SCID) model mice injected with 435-tdT cells (human adenocarcinoma breast cancer cells) at known locations and adjacent normal brain tissues as well as normal and cancer (adenocarcinoma PC-3) prostate cells were studied using UVRS. The obtained Raman spectra of the healthy and cancerous samples are compared in order to identify biochemical differences between them. Results The obtained spectra reflect biochemical differences which occur between the healthy and malignant samples in both brain and prostate cancers. UVRS provides distinctive resonance signatures of major biochemical components, including proteins and nucleic acids, and it does not suffer from fluorescence interference, nor does it require high laser power levels for excitation. These advantages allow for clear and effective spectral discrimination between samples. Conclusion Our results suggest UVRS should be considered for cancer identification, and is safe for use within humans. The proposed innovative approach has significant potential for cancer imaging and real-time tissue discrimination during surgery.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cancer diagnostics
  topic: keywords
subject: Deep-ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy
  topic: keywords
subject: Prostate cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Brain cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Cancer imaging systems
  topic: keywords
creator: Nicole M. Ralbovsky
creator: Vladimir Egorov
creator: Eugene Moskovets
creator: Paromita Dey
creator: Bijan K. Dey
creator: Igor K. Lednev
rights: Copyright (c) 2019
date: 2019-04-15
publication date: 2019-04-15
starting page: 1
ending page: 10

Engaging African Americans in Breast Cancer Prevention Strategies: A Partnership Between a Community Cancer Center and the African American Community in Delaware
type: item
description: Although breast cancer incidence has been stable for non-hispanic whites since the early 2000s, incidence rates of invasive breast cancers in African Americans (AA) are rising (0.9%/ year 2005-2014).1 This is especially true for younger black women. Breast cancer incidence in black women under 45 years has recently surpassed that of their white counterparts.2 This is concerning as breast cancer specific mortality is higher in African Americans than all other races. Although many breast cancer risk factors have been identified, there is a need to develop breast prevention strategies specifically targeting the AA community.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: breast cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: non-hispanic
  topic: keywords
subject: African Americans
  topic: keywords
subject: mortality
  topic: keywords
creator: Jennifer Sims- Mourtada
creator: Zohra Ali-Khan Catts
creator: Patricia Swanson
creator: Nora Katurakes
rights: Copyright (c) 2019
date: 2019-04-09
publication date: 2019-04-09
starting page: e1
ending page: e3

The Emerging Spectrum of Early Life Exposure-Related Inflammation and Epigenetic Therapy
type: item
description: Early life exposure to a variety of insults during sensitive windows of development can reprogram normal physiological responses and alter disease susceptibility later in life. During this process, inflammation triggered by a variety of adverse exposures plays an important role in the initiation and development of many types of diseases including tumorigenesis. This systematic review article summaries the current knowledge about the role and mechanism of inflammation in development of diseases. In addition, epigenome alteration related to inflammation and treatment options using epigenetic modifiers are highlighted and discussed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Early life exposure
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Inflammation
  topic: keywords
subject: Uterine fibroids
  topic: keywords
subject: Epigenetic modifiers
  topic: keywords
creator: Qiwei Yang
creator: Mohamed Ali
creator: Abdeljabar El Andaloussi
creator: Ayman Al- Hendy
rights: Copyright (c) 2018
date: 2018-09-17
publication date: 2018-09-17
starting page: 13
ending page: 23

A Case of Choroidal Metastasis from Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma
type: item
description: A 74-year-old man visited to our hospital due to severe visual disturbance in his left eye for recent one month. Fundoscopy demonstrated the serous retinal detachment at the nose side of the left eye.At the same time, chest X-ray demonstrated a mass measuring 4 cm in size at the left lower lung field (Figure 2, arrow) and thoracic computed tomography (CT) depicted the mediastinal lymphadenopathies. On Hematoxylin-Eosin stain, both specimens obtained from right B10 by transbronchial lung biopsy (Figure 3A, 400X) and subcarinal lymphnodes (Figure 3B, 400X) by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration demonstrated abundant atypical cells with high nuclear cytoplasmic ratio. Those cells were positive for both CD56 (Figure 3C, 400X) and TTF-1 (Figure 3D, 400X), he was thus diagnosed with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Fundoscopy
  topic: keywords
subject: chest X-ray demonstrated
  topic: keywords
subject: Hematoxylin-Eosin stain
  topic: keywords
subject: cytoplasmic ratio
  topic: keywords
creator: Manami Inoue
creator: Takeshi Saraya
creator: Miku Oda
creator: Masachika Fujiwara
creator: Hajime Takizawa
rights: Copyright (c) 2018
date: 2018-07-17
publication date: 2018-07-17
starting page: 11
ending page: 12

Bilateral Symmetric Thalamic Metastasis in a Patient with Small Cell Lung Cancer
type: item
description: A 68-year old woman was referred to our hospital because of dry cough with persistent numbness in the extremities. Chest roentgenogram showed right hilar tumor with mediastinal lymphnode and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed multiple tiny nodules. After performing the transbronchial needle aspiration obtained from subcarinal lymphnode, she was diagnosed with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accompanied by multiple brain metastasis (clinical stage IV: T4N3M1). After completion of four cycles of chemotherapy, the size of lung lesion was regressed together with complete resolution of brain lesions, and she discharged uneventfully. However, her numbness was remained. Four months later, she was hospitalized again for severe numbness in her trunk and extremities. Brain MRI (contrast-enhanced T1-weighted image) demonstrated new symmetric metastatic lesions in bilateral thalamus (Figure A and B) as well as left putamen. Another two months later, numbness exacerbated and spread from the top to toe with the growing of primary and bilateral thalamic metastatic lesions on computed tomography (CT) (Figure C and D). In spite of whole-brain irradiation, she had suffered from severe numbness, and died of obstructive pneumonia. To our knowledge, this is the first case of bilateral symmetric thalamic metastasis in SCLC with refractory numbness over the whole body.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Chest roentgenogram
  topic: keywords
subject: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  topic: keywords
subject: lymphnode
  topic: keywords
subject: chemotherapy
  topic: keywords
creator: Takeshi Saraya
creator: Chie Shimura
creator: Sayuki Inaoka
creator: Hajime Takizawa
rights: Copyright (c) 2018
date: 2018-07-17
publication date: 2018-07-17
starting page: 10
ending page: 10

A Rare Case of a Urachal Mucinous Cystic Tumour of Low Malignant Potential
type: item
description: A persistently patent urachal remnant can lead to neoplastic transformation. Urachal tumours occur most commonly as glandular neoplasms which are classified as benign, non-cystic or cystic. However, the literature on cystic urachal tumours is extremely limited. Here, we describe a case of a 59-year-old male who presented with a mucinous cystic tumour of low malignant potential of the urachus and review the current literature. In addition, we summarise the classification system on cystic urachal tumours which has been proposed by Amin et al and modified in the World Health Organisation (WHO) 2016 Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Urachal remnant
  topic: keywords
subject: Mucinous
  topic: keywords
creator: Kanchan K. Palial
creator: Bob Yang
creator: J.S. Charlesworth
creator: Charles E. Lewis
creator: Lisa Browning
creator: Clare Verrill
rights: Copyright (c) 2018
date: 2018-02-21
publication date: 2018-02-21
starting page: 5
ending page: 9

Dosimetric Characterization of an Abscopal Response in a Patient With Oligometastatic Melanoma Undergoing Concurrent Treatment With Pembrolizumab and Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT)
type: item
description: Recently, preclinical and clinical evidence has shown that a synergy may exist between radiation and immune check-point therapies such as pembrolizumab. Radiation has been shown to activate the immune system, and in combination with immunotherapy may lead to systemic anti-tumor responses. However, the exact dose regimens needed to induce synergistic responses are unclear. Here, we report a dosimetric characterization of a patient treated with stereotactic radiation in combination with immune check-point therapy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT)
  topic: keywords
subject: Dosimetric
  topic: keywords
subject: Immunotherapy
  topic: keywords
subject: Radiation
  topic: keywords
creator: Jennifer Sims- Mourtada
creator: Serguei Casteneda
creator: David Huang
creator: John McGlade
creator: Sunjay Shah
creator: Lindsay Romak
creator: Adam Raben
creator: Firas Mourtada
rights: Copyright (c) 2018
date: 2018-01-31
publication date: 2018-01-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 4

The Emerging Role of p27 in Development of Diseases
type: item
description: The cell cycle regulation and tumor suppressor p27 encoded by CDKN1B plays a key role in many cellular events.1-3 p27 is a member of the Cip/Kip family of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, which functions to negatively regulate cell cycle progression at the G1/S boundary in response to antiproliferative stimuli. In addition, numerous p27 functions, not related to CDK inhibition, have been described. For instance, cytosolic p27 plays a role in the regulation of cytoskeleton assembly/disassembly, therefore, regulates the cell morphology and movement. In addition, p27 is involved in apoptosis and autophagy modulation. Mutations, abnormal expression and mislocalization of p27 have been found in many diseases suggesting the important role of p27 in the pathogenesis of diseases. Human p27 gene (CDKN1B) was cloned in 19947 and mapped to chromosome 12p13. Later on, p27 mutations were discovered in several types of human cancers including breast cancer, sporadic parathyroid adenomas, endocrine neoplasia, small intestine neuroendocrine tumors
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: cell cycle regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: CDKN1B
  topic: keywords
subject: cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)
  topic: keywords
subject: cytosolic p27
  topic: keywords
subject: mislocalization
  topic: keywords
creator: Qiwei Yang
creator: Ayman Al- Hendy
rights: Copyright (c) 2018
date: 2018-05-09
publication date: 2018-05-09
starting page: e1
ending page: e2

Classifying Lung Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma using RNA-Seq Data
type: item
description: Background: Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) are two primary subtypes of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Currently, the most widely used method to discriminate between LUAD and LUSC is hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. However, this method is not always able to precisely diagnose LUAD or LUSC. More accurate diagnostic approaches are highly desired. Methods: We propose to use gene expression profile to discriminate a patient’s NSCLC subtype. We leveraged RNA-Seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and randomly split the data into training and testing subsets. To construct classifiers based on the training data, we considered three methods: logistic regression on principal components (PCR), logistic regression with LASSO shrinkage (LASSO), and kth nearest neighbors (KNN). Performances of the classifiers were evaluated and compared based on the testing data. Results: All gene expression-based classifiers show high accuracy in discriminating between LUSC and LUAD. The classifier obtained by LASSO has the smallest overall misclassification rate of 3.42% (95% CI: 3.25%-3.60%) when using 0.5 as the cutoff value for the predicted probability of belonging to a subtype, followed by classifiers obtained by PCR (4.36%, 95% CI: 4.23%-4.49%) and KNN (8.70%, 95% CI: 8.57%-8.83%). The LASSO classifier also has the highest average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) value of 0.993, compared to PCR (0.987) and KNN (0.965). Conclusions: Our results suggest that mRNA expressions are highly informative for classifying NSCLC subtypes and may potentially be used to assist clinical diagnosis.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: LUAD
  topic: keywords
subject: LUSC
  topic: keywords
subject: Principal Components
  topic: keywords
subject: LASSO
  topic: keywords
subject: Kth Nearest Neighbors
  topic: keywords
creator: Zhengyan Huang
creator: Li Chen
creator: Chi Wang
rights: Copyright (c) 2017 Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine – Open Journal
date: 2017-09-19
publication date: 2017-09-19
starting page: 27
ending page: 31

How Target Therapy can Induce Cardiotoxicity: The Onco-Cardiologist Point of View
type: item
description: The life expectancy of an oncological patient has been increased significantly decades due to the evolution of cancer therapies. The aim of this paper is to review how these new target molecules, which have a direct impact on the cancer cell as opposed to the classical chemotherapy, known to all of us for a long time. How do they act specifically? What are their cardiotoxic effects at a short and long time period? How can they be monitored? How can they be prevented and treated? And above all, how can we prevent an oncological patient to become a cardiovascular one later on, due to induced cardiotoxicity caused by oncological therapies. We have to treat our patients as a whole and not only, target therapy to one of the pieces of the puzzle.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: oncological
  topic: keywords
subject: cancer therapies
  topic: keywords
subject: cardiotoxic effects
  topic: keywords
creator: Joana Espiga de Macedo
rights: Copyright (c) 2017 Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine – Open Journal
date: 2017-06-21
publication date: 2017-06-21
starting page: 23
ending page: 26

Is it Time to Start Using Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number as an Indicator of Health and Diseases?
type: item
description: Clinical biochemistry and pathology have contributed too many assays for diagnosis and prognosis of human health and diseases. Bedside biochemistry has revolutionized modern medicine and the invention of new generation biosensors have educated the patients like never before. Although, there are many gadgets which are available for monitoring the blood glucose in the patients with metabolic syndromes, hardly any assays can accurately predict and aid in early detection of metabolic syndrome. By the time a person is diagnosed and treated for metabolic syndrome, molecular and pathological damages further push the patient towards the metabolic syndrome. Early detection and early treatments are necessary to further revolutionize the field of Medicine.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Clinical biochemistry
  topic: keywords
subject: prognosis
  topic: keywords
subject: metabolic syndrome
  topic: keywords
creator: Vasudeva G. Kamath
rights: Copyright (c) 2017 Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine – Open Journal
date: 2017-05-25
publication date: 2017-05-25
starting page: 21
ending page: 22

Neurofibromatosis Type I and Multiple Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: A Unique Identity
type: item
description: Von Recklinghausen’s disease (VRD) is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of multiple noncancerous tumors of nerves and skin (neurofibromas) and areas of hypo or hyperpigmentation of the skin. It is also known as Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) and represents one type of VRD. It is an autosomal dominant disorder with a rate of occurrence of 1 in 3000 in the general population.1 The cause of NF1 is a mutation in the NF1 gene, located at the chromosome 17q11.2, which encodes the tumor suppressor gene, neurofibromin. Loss of neurofibromin function results in activity of Ras oncogene and consequently tumor formation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Von Recklinghausen’s disease (VRD)
  topic: keywords
subject: noncancerous tumors
  topic: keywords
subject: hyperpigmentation
  topic: keywords
subject: Neurofibromatosis type I
  topic: keywords
creator: Joana Espiga de Macedo
rights: Copyright (c) 2017 Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine – Open Journal
date: 2017-05-16
publication date: 2017-05-16
starting page: 19
ending page: 20

Dysadherin: A Novel Oncogenic Molecular Biomarker in Oesophageal Cancer
type: item
description: Dysadherin or FXYD5 is a transmembrane glycoprotein, identified for the first time in 2002 by a team of Japanese researchers.1 Although, it is generally accepted that most of its action is derived from the increased maximal velocity (Vmax) of the Na+-K+-ATPase that promotes, there are several actions of dysadherin that cannot be attributed to its interaction with the Na+-K+-ATPase.2 Dysadherin is a well-described cancer-associated protein and a potential oncogenic molecular target with promising future significances. It has been distinctly shown, in both the cases of in vivo and in vitro studies, that when expressed in malignant tumours, it signifies augmented tumorigenesis with enhanced metastatic potential and haematogenous spread and is thus linked to poor prognosis.3,4 On the contrary, studies based on human cancer cell lines have demonstrated that introduction of small interfering RNA (siRNA) against dysadherin leads to downregulation and subsequent membranous underexpression of dysadherin, instigating accordingly decreased collective and individual cell motility with subsequent inhibition of tumour aggressiveness and metastatic potential.5 Its main interaction in carcinogenesis takes place with E-cadherin (epithelial cadherin); the most important adhesion molecules of the cadherin family. E-cadherin is involved in cancer development in more than 90% of human cancers, as most are carcinomas of epithelial origin. E-cadherin mediates homophilic cell-to-cell adhesion and promotes adherence between neighboring epithelial cells; its decreased cellular expression is hence associated with enhanced disconnection and dispersal of epithelial cells, promoting cell detachment from the primary lesion and consequently exhibiting increased metastatic potential.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Dysadherin
  topic: keywords
subject: FXYD5
  topic: keywords
subject: malignant tumours
  topic: keywords
subject: metastatic potential.5
  topic: keywords
subject: E-cadherin
  topic: keywords
creator: Alexandros Charalabopoulos
creator: Theodoros Liakakos
rights: Copyright (c) 2017 Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine – Open Journal
date: 2017-07-31
publication date: 2017-07-31
starting page: e5
ending page: e6

Rounding Down Chemotherapeutic Agents to the Nearest Vial Size as a Cost Containment Measure
type: item
description: Background: High cancer treatment costs significantly affect health care expenditures. Drug waste reduction of costly drugs can reduce the treatment cost. Methods: A retrospective study conducted at King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Adult patients above age of 14 years old who received chemotherapy between March 1st to March 31st, 2015 were included. Maximum dose rounding allowed was up to 10% for palliative intent and 5% for curative intent. Patients demographics, diagnosis, treatment intent (cure or palliation), ordered dose, rounded dose, vial size, number of vials that could be saved and expected cost saved per month were calculated and recorded. Results: A total of 305 patients received 973 doses of intravenous chemotherapy drugs during the study period. Orders of 352 doses could be rounded to the nearest vial size with a 10% dose deviation for palliative intent and 5% for curative intent. The projected savings for 1 month was calculated to be Saudi Riyals (SR) 14,720.95 for 5% rounding limit and SR 53,157.50 for 10% rounding which will account to an estimate of SR 814,514.40 of drug cost savings per year. Anti-cancer drugs with the most drug wastage due to non-rounding to the nearest vial size were trastuzumab, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, methotrexate, fluorouracil, paclitaxel, oxaliplatin, doxorubicin, bortezomib, and cytarabine consecutively. The highest costs savings when rounding the doses to the nearest vial size up to 5% for curative intent was associated with rituximab, followed by fludarabine and paclitaxel. Bevacizumab, cetuximab, and carfilzomib have resulted in the most cost savings when the rounding limit was set to 10% for palliative intent. Conclusion: Dose rounding of the ordered dose to an amount within 5% for curative intent and 10% for palliative intent to the nearest vial size has resulted in a valuable cost savings through reduction of drug wastage without any expected compromise in efficacy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Chemotherapy wastage
  topic: keywords
subject: Dose rounding
  topic: keywords
subject: Cost-saving
  topic: keywords
creator: Yousef Al- Olah
creator: Nasser Mahdi Al- Qhtani
creator: Maj Mohammed A. Al Waheeby
creator: Abdul-Rahman I. Al- Ghamdi
creator: Ghadah Al Yousif
creator: Al Hanouf N. Al Dajani
creator: Nourah M. Al Henaki
creator: Ahlam M. Al Zahrani
rights: Copyright (c) 2016
date: 2016-10-19
publication date: 2016-10-19
starting page: 14
ending page: 18

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: Innovation from Diagnosis to Treatment Based on 15 Years of Experience of a Peripheral Hospital in Portugal
type: item
description: Aim: To investigate fifteen years of experience, in managing GISTs, according to best clinical practice, on a peripheral Portuguese Hospital. Define the behavior of GIST’s and the association between the histological, immunehistochemistry characteristics and disease progression. Question if the optimal treatment was delivered in GIST patients, based on medical evidence, where limitations on evaluating molecular signatures exists. Methods: A retrospective analysis of cases treated in Hospital of Entre Douro and Vouga from 1 January 1999 to 31 December 2014 was performed. Demographic characteristics were evaluated related to tumor characteristics according to the National Institute of Health criteria and disease progression. All patients were evaluated in a multidisciplinary team. An expert treatment decision was made according to the National Institute of Health criteria of Gastrointestinal stromal tumor’s risk of recurrence after surgery. Statistical study was performed using SPSS version. Results: Sixty-three cases were evaluated, 61.9% in female patients and 38.1% male. The median age at diagnosis was 69 years. A progressive increase in the incidence of GISTs was documented since 1999 to 2014. The most common source locations was the stomach with forty-five patients (71.4%), When assessing the Mitotic count, 27% was superior to 5 mitosis/50HPF and 73% was inferior to 5 mitosis /50HPF. Sixty-two patients underwent surgery with R0 resection rate of 94% Immunohistochemistry was performed in all patients, and sixty-one patients were positive for CD117. Only two patients were CD117 negative. No KIT gene mutation analysis was performed. Regarding the biological risk of recurrence or metastasis, according to the National Institute of Health, 25,4 % of the patients had a very high risk, 19,0% had an intermediate risk, 34,9% had a low risk and 20,6 % had a very low risk. Of the 63 patients, 25.4% (n=16) were submitted to adjuvant treatment with imatinib (400 mg/ daily) dur…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST)
  topic: keywords
subject: Molecular signature
  topic: keywords
subject: Target therapies
  topic: keywords
subject: Innovation
  topic: keywords
subject: Costs
  topic: keywords
creator: Joana Espiga de Macedo
creator: Sílvia Lopes
creator: Mónica Pinho
creator: Pedro Santos
rights: Copyright (c) 2016
date: 2016-04-26
publication date: 2016-04-26
starting page: 7
ending page: 13

Current Status of Anti Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Therapy in the Curative Treatment of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
type: item
description: Squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck is the most common malignancy of the upper aero digestive tract in the world. In this article, we attempt to summarize the role of antiepidermal growth factor therapy (EGFR) in the treatment of locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cetuximab plus radiotherapy is a reasonable alternative in patients who cannot tolerate standard concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CTRT). There is no benefit by adding targeted therapy in addition to standard CTRT. Trials evaluating the role of targeted agents in the adjuvant setting showed no benefit in patients with high risk features; in addition to standard post-operative CTRT. Role of adjuvant monoclonal antibody in patients with intermediate risk factors is being evaluated.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)
  topic: keywords
subject: Head and neck-targeted therapy
  topic: keywords
creator: Cessal Thommachan Kainickal
creator: Aparna M. P
creator: Rejnish Kumar Ravi Kumar
creator: Malu Rafi
creator: Kunnambath Ramadas
rights: Copyright (c) 2016
date: 2016-03-24
publication date: 2016-03-24
starting page: 1
ending page: 6

Potential of Molecular Imaging to Advance Molecular Medicine
type: item
description: Molecular imaging is a technology that allows for non-invasive interrogation of physiological and biochemical processes in the body. Over the years, the use of Molecular Imaging is on the rise, especially towards diagnosing cancer and monitoring treatment. Molecular Imaging has a significant role to play at preclinical and translational stages in the field of Molecular Medicine. Molecular Imaging tools include Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (MRS), Computed Tomography (CT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Ultrasound (US), and Optical Imaging among many more. While CT and MRI remains as first-line tools for diagnosing ailments by the clinicians, pre-clinical and clinical use of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is steadily rising. Newer PET probes are being developed and being evaluated for their effectiveness in patient care and disease management. While this technology has tremendously benefitted the pre-clinical research, it has also become one of the indispensable tools in the clinic. In addition, now PET is proven to be quite helpful in expediting the drug development and discovery efforts. Over the last two decade, a significant progress is made towards expanding the role of Molecular Imaging. It plays significant role in Oncology, Neurology, ageing, drug abuse, and cardiac applications. With increased acceptance of this modality in the clinics around the world, there is a growing interest in utilizing PET to target biological systems and to assess the outcome of certain treatments in patients.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: non-invasive interrogation
  topic: keywords
subject: preclinical
  topic: keywords
subject: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  topic: keywords
subject: Resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
  topic: keywords
subject: Computed Tomography (CT)
  topic: keywords
creator: Pradeep K. Garg
rights: Copyright (c) 2016
date: 2017-01-11
publication date: 2017-01-11
starting page: e3
ending page: e4

Prostate Cancer Trends in Developing Countries
type: item
description: Prostate cancer is the commonest cancer in USA and most European Countries and is the 2nd commonest cancer among males globally. An estimated 1.1 million men worldwide were diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2012, accounting for 15% of the cancers diagnosed in men. Incidence of this disease varies more than 25-fold worldwide; the rates are highest in Australia/New Zealand and Northern America (ASR 111.6 and 97.2 per 100,000 respectively), and in Western and Northern Europe, because the practice of prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing and subsequent biopsy has become widespread in those regions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Prostate cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: European Countries
  topic: keywords
subject: prostate specific antigen (PSA)
  topic: keywords
subject: subsequent biopsy
  topic: keywords
creator: Aleyamma Mathew
creator: Francis V. James
rights: Copyright (c) 2016
date: 2016-09-14
publication date: 2016-09-14
starting page: e1
ending page: e2

The Proportion of ALDEFLUOR-Positive Cancer Stem Cells Changes with Cell Culture Density Due to the Expression of Different ALDH Isoforms
type: item
description: A significant number of discrepancies exist within the literature regarding ALDEFLUOR- positive stem cell populations in cell lines. We hypothesized that these inconsistencies resulted from differences in culture conditions, particularly cell density. We cultured several colon cancer cell lines (N=8) at high and low densities and found a significant decrease in ALDEFLUOR-positive cell populations at high density. However, we found no changes in the CD166-positive stem cell population, self-renewal, or cell cycle distribution of cells cultured at different densities. Interestingly, when we sorted both ALDEFLUOR positive and negative populations from the different density cultures, we identified a significant number of Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isoforms whose expression was decreased in ALDEFLUOR-positive stem cells cultured at high density. This novel finding suggests that multiple ALDH isoforms contribute to ALDEFLUOR activity in colon cancer stem cells and decreases in ALDEFLUOR- positive stem cells at high cell density are due to decreased expression of multiple ALDH isoforms. Thus, designing therapeutics to target ALDEFLUOR-positive cancer stem cells may require inhibition of multiple ALDH isoforms.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: ALDEFLUOR
  topic: keywords
subject: Cancer stem cells
  topic: keywords
subject: ALDH isoforms
  topic: keywords
subject: Density
  topic: keywords
creator: Lynn M. Opdenaker
creator: Shirin R. Modarai
creator: Bruce M. Boman
rights: Copyright (c) 2015
date: 2015-12-09
publication date: 2015-12-09
starting page: 87
ending page: 95