Targeted Measles Outbreak Response Vaccination in the Context of Measles Control and Elimination: Experiences from South Sudan

Abstract

Introduction: Measles elimination interventions in South Sudan have relied on mass campaigns
due to reoccurring humanitarian crisis over decades. This paper examines the effects of targeted
measles vaccinations on efforts at eliminating measles in the country.
Methods: Time trend and an analytical cross-sectional design were applied on South Sudan
Measles case-based surveillance dataset 2011-2015. Logistic regression of IgM positive cases
against vaccination status and adjusted for age and unknown vaccination status were used to
determine the likelihood of reduced risk of measles at 95% CI.
Results: Routine immunization, follow-up and outbreak response coverage for measles vaccination
over the period were sub-optimal. Even though the proportion of confirmed measles
cases among vaccinated population was irregular ranging 14.2% to 61.9% within the period
reviewed, measles vaccination generally reduced the risk of the disease in the population by
30% (odds 0.7, 95% CI 0.4, 1.0) from 2011-2015. A trend analysis showed that the likelihood
of reduction of measles burden varied per year, but a higher reduction of risk was observed in
2015 (odds 0.05 (95% CI <0.01, 0.35) preceded by follow-up campaigns. Adjusting for age and
unknown vaccination status, there were no statistically significant difference for the trends of
odds, however the significant decrease in odds in 2015 (OR 0.01 (95% CI [0.01, 0.35]) R2 0.45)
is due to a unit change in age.
Conclusions: Targeted measles outbreak vaccinations generally reduce the burden of measles
however the extent of reduction is more reflected in a year following a mass measles campaign
as compared to outbreak response vaccination. Thus measles follow-up campaigns are necessary
for sustained measles control and elimination.