A Review of the Antiviral Activity of Ivermectin and Its Use in the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease-2019

Abstract

Background
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) originated in China and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization
(WHO) on 11th March 2020. Since its emergence in December 2019, there have been challenges in developing drugs that are effective
against the virus. Currently, COVID-19 is managed using symptomatic and supportive therapies, antiviral agents, cellular
and immunotherapy. Besides, most of the treatment modalities are still under investigation and treatment guidelines vary from
one country to another. Ivermectin is among the drugs that are being used as part of treatment guidelines in certain countries like
the Republic of Peru. However, the WHO recommends that ivermectin only be used in clinical trials.
Aim
The authors conducted this review to explore published studies on the possible therapeutic effects of ivermectin against active
infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a causative agent of COVID-19.
Methods
A literature search was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed and EMBASE for articles published from 2016 to 2021. Search
words used included ivermectin, antiviral, COVID-19, efficacy, safety, dosing, lower mortality rate, hospitalised patients and the
Boolean operator ‘AND’.
Results
A few clinical trials have shown that ivermectin is safe for use in humans at specific doses and reduces the severity of the infection.
Ivermectin was seen to reduce the signs and symptoms associated with COVID-19 in some studies while others showed no
significant reduction. However, more studies must be conducted to ascertain its use in treating COVID-19.
Conclusion
Since many clinical trials are being conducted on the use of ivermectin to treat COVID-19, full evidence will be used to support
its use in humans. Currently, some countries that are using ivermectin for treating COVID-19 have reported it to be effective and
reduces morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. Therefore, countries should collaborate and provide full evidence for
the use of ivermectin in humans to manage COVID-19.